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Il Castello Svevo

Il Castello Svevo di Bari, con la sua poderosa e severa mole, sorge all’estremo margine della città vecchia, dove un tempo fungeva da perno dell’antica cinta muraria.

Bari, Castello Svevo (foto di Carlo Dani – Opera propria, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77189036)

Il castello di Bari è un maniero che, come in un gioco di scatole cinesi, ne contiene al suo interno almeno altri due. Evidenze archeologiche hanno infatti mostrato la presenza di strutture difensive di epoca romana, sui cui resti fu edificato un Kastron bizantino e altri edifici con funzioni abitative. In questo sito fu Ruggero II di Sicilia, nel 1130, ad ordinare a maestranze saracene di innalzare il castello. I baresi non amarano mai questo luogo, simbolo così evidente del potere regio, ed infatti, più volte, fu demolito dalla popolazione nel corso dei secoli. Con l’arrivo degli Svevi, e con la politica di incastellamento voluta dall’imperatore Federico II, nella prima metà del XIII secolo, fu recuperato l’impianto difensivo normanno, gravemente danneggiato nel corso delle ribellioni popolari del secolo precedente. Il possente quadrilatero, a pianta trapezioidale munito di torri angolari realizzate a bugne, fu ingentilito da monofore e bifore e da un meraviglioso portale di gusto gotico-federiciano, scolpito con figure antromorfe e zoomorfe, motivi mitologici e simboli chiaramente araldici, ispirati all’iconografia imperiale. Sul concio della chiave di volta campeggia un’aquila che serra tra i suoi artigli un leoncino, simbolo ricorrente nell’architettura federiciana.

A questa stessa epoca e sensibilità estetica, risale anche il vestibolo, cui si accede superato il portale. Questo ambiente presenta una copertura con volte a crociera, sorrette da colonne e paraste dai capitelli finemente scolpiti: un mondo di pietra in cui il naturalismo gotico federiciano convive con suggestioni islamiche. È noto che tra le maestranze al servizio dell’imperatore ci fossero molti artisti, artigiani e scalpellini arabi. Proprio nel castello barese, a testimonianza del melting-pot culturale promosso dal sovrano svevo, lavorò, insieme ai lapicidi Finarro di Canosa e Mele da Stignano, un certo Ismael, che ha lasciato la sua firma su uno dei capitelli.

Agli Svevi succedettero gli Angioini che vollero restaurare la zona nord del castello e le sale di rappresentanza, nonostante ciò i nuovi sovrani non soggiornarono mai in questa dimora, che rimase abbandonata sino all’arrivo, nel 1524, di Isabella Sforza e sua figlia Bona. Sono loro le vere signore del castello, che ne fecero una lussuosa dimora rinascimentale, circondata da una rinnovata cinta muraria. All’interno, loggiati, scale, saloni e affreschi abbellirono la severa struttura fortilizia. Con la morte di Bona Sforza, il castello di Bari non ha più conosciuto fasi di splendore, ma fu lasciato cadere in rovina.

Il castello Svevo non è solo un edificio dal grande pregio storico e architettonico, ma tra le sue antiche mura riecheggiano ancora le storie legate a un leggendario incontro tra San Francesco e Federico II. Non suffragato da alcun documento, è infatti l’episodio che racconta di come, proprio nelle stanze del maschio barese, l’imperatore Federico II sottopose il poverello d’Assisi alla prova della tentazione della carne.

The Castello Svevo

With its mighty and severe bulk, the Castello di Bari stands at the far edge of the old city, where it once served as the pivot of the ancient city wall.

Picture 6

Bari, Castello Svevo (photo by Carlo Dani – his own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77189036)

The castle of Bari is a manor which contains at least two others inside, as in a game of Chinese boxes. Archaeological evidence has in fact revealed the presence of defensive structures from the Roman era, on whose remains a Byzantine Kastron and other buildings with residential functions were built. On this site it was Roger II of Sicily in 1130 who ordered Saracen workers to raise the castle. The people of Bari have never loved this place, which is such an evident symbol of royal power – and in fact, several times it was demolished by the population over the centuries. With the arrival of the Swabians, and with the frame-up policy desired by Emperor Frederick II, in the first half of the thirteenth century the Norman defensive structure was recovered, after being seriously damaged during the popular riots of the previous century. The mighty quadrilateral building, with a trapezoidal plan equipped with corner towers made of bosses, was softened by single and double lancet windows and by a wonderful Gothic-Federician portal, which was sculpted with anthromorphic and zoomorphic figures, mythological motifs and clearly heraldic symbols inspired by iconography imperial. On the ashlar keystone stands an eagle clutching a lion between its claws, a recurring symbol in Federician architecture.

The vestibule, which can be accessed through the portal, also dates back to this same era and aesthetic sensibility. The environment has a cross-vaulted roof, supported by columns and pilasters with finely carved capitals: a world of stone in which the Gothic Federician naturalism coexists with Islamic suggestions. It is known that among the workers at the service of the emperor there were many Arab artists, craftsmen and stonemasons. Just in the castle of Bari, to testify to the cultural melting pot promoted by the Swabian sovereign, a man called Ismael worked together with the stonecutters Finarro di Canosa and Mele da Stignano; this man left his signature on one of the capitals.

After the Swabians were the Angevins, who wanted to restore the north area of ​​the castle and the reception rooms; despite this the new rulers never stayed in this house, which remained abandoned until the arrival of Isabella Sforza and her daughter Bona in 1524. They are the true ladies of the castle, who made it a luxurious Renaissance residence surrounded by a renewed city wall. Inside of it there were loggias, stairs, halls and frescoes which embellished the severe fort structure. With the death of Bona Sforza, the castle of Bari no longer experienced phases of splendor, but was left to fall into disrepair.

The Swabian castle is not only a building of great historical and architectural value, but the stories related to a legendary meeting between Saint Francis and Frederick II still echo within its ancient walls. It is in fact the episode that tells us how, right in the rooms of the man from Bari, emperor Frederick II forced the poor man of Assisi to struggle with temptations of the flesh, although there is no written evidence for that.

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